Lesson two part of speech

Each part of speech explains not what the word is, but how the word is used. In fact, the same word can be a noun in one sentence and a verb or adjective in the next. The next few examples show how a word’s part of speech can change from one sentence to the next, and following them is a series of sections on the individual parts of speech, followed by an exercise.

Books are made of ink, paper, and glue.

In this sentence, “books” is a noun, the subject of the sentence.
Deborah waits patiently while Bridget books the tickets.
Here “books” is a verb, and its subject is “Bridget.”

We walk down the street.

In this sentence, “walk” is a verb, and its subject is the pronoun “we”.
The mail carrier stood on the walk.
In this example, “walk” is a noun, which is part of a prepositional phrase describing where the mail carrier stood.

The town decided to build a new jail.

Here “jail” is a noun, which is the object of the infinitive phrase “to build.”
The sheriff told us that if we did not leave town immediately he would jail us.
Here “jail” is part of the compound verb “would jail.”
They heard high pitched cries in the middle of the night.

In this sentence, “cries” is a noun acting as the direct object of the verb “heard.”

The baby cries all night long and all day long.

But here “cries” is a verb that describes the actions of the subject of the sentence, the baby.

أهم الأفعال في اللغة الإنجليزية وهو:

Verb “to Be”

أو فعل (يكون)

أن هذا الفعل من الأفعال الشاذة حيث لا يتبع القاعدة التي تسري على معظم الأفعال الأخرى.. وهو فعل رابط يدل على حالة أو وجود (كينونة) الفاعل. وقد يستخدم كفعل مساعد مع أفعال أخرى كما سنوضح في دروس لاحقة..

تصريف الفعل To be:

I (أنا) am

He (هو)/ She (هي)/ it (للجماد) is

We (نحن) / They (هم/هن) are

أقرأالحوار التالي ولاحظ استخدام الفعل في هذا الحوار:

Mohamed: Hello, My ****’s Mohamed. What’s your ****?
محمد: مرحبا، أنا اسمي محمد، ما اسمك؟

Khaled: Khaled. How are you?
خالد: خالد، كيف حالك؟

Mohamed: I’m fine, and you?
محمد: أنا بخير، وأنت؟

Khaled: Great. Where are you from?
خالد: عظيم، من أين أنت؟

Mohamed: I’m from Saudi Arabia.
محمد: أنا من السعودية

Mohamed: Where is that girl from?
محمد: من أين تلك الفتاة؟

Khaled: She’s from Jordan
خالد: هي من الأردن.

Mohamed: How old is she?
محمد: كم عمرها؟

Khaled: She’s twenty-six

26

ملحوظة:

يلاحظ أنه يمكن كتابة الفعل باختصار مثل:

بدلا من (I am) نكتب (I’m)
بدلا من (He is/ She is/ It is) نكتب (He’s/She’s/ It’s)
بدلا من (We are/ They are) نكتب (We’re/ They’re)

تمرين (1):

اكمل الحوار التالي:

Maha: Hello. My — Maha. What — your ****?
Niveen: Niveen. How — you?
Maha: I –fine and you?
Niveen: OK, Where –you from?
Maha: — from Egypt.

قاعدة هامة:

عند استخدام الفعل في الصيغة الخبرية نأتي بالفاعل أولا ثم بالفعل مثل الأمثلة التالية

I am from Cairo.

(He/She/It) is from Dubai

(We/You/They) are from Qatar.

أما عند استخدام الفعل في صيغة الاستفهام نأتي بالفعل أولا ثم بالفاعل مثل الأمثلة التالية

Where am I from?

Where is (He/She/It) from؟

Where are (We/You/They) from?

تمرين (2):

أكمل الحوار التالي بالتصريف المناسب للفعل مع الصيغة المناسبة:

Where — (he) from?
— (I) a teacher.
— (They) very hungry.
— (She/not) happy.
— (you) from Japan?
— (English) difficult.
— (We/not) hungry.
— (They) students?
—————————–
The verb to be
الشرح :
أولاً: الفاعل هو أسم يدل على من قام بالفعل أو عمن تتحدث عنه الجملة .
ثانياً: نستطيع في بعض الاحيان أن تستبدل الفاعل بضمير لنتفادى تكراره .
ثالثاً: نستطيع أن ندمج (to be) مع الضمائر كما هو واضح في المثل .
رابعاً: كلمة (contraction) تعني تحويل كلمتين إلى كلمة واحدة بوضع فاصلة
في الاعلى مكان الأحرف أو الحرف الملغى، لاحظ المثل.
The simple present Tense: the verb to be

Examples:

1- I am not a math teacher. I am a guitar teacher.
2- You are not right.you are wrong.
3- He is not from spain. He is from Mexico.

Forms

Subject Verb Rest of Sentence Contraction
I am / am not happy I’m ( not)

He / She / It is / isn’t from Japan He’s / She’s / It’s

We are / aren’t ready We’re

They are / aren’t They’re

You are / aren’t a pilot You’re

Explanations:

1- the subject is the person or thing the sentence tells about.
1. Mr.Jones is an English teacher
2. Tokyo is in Japan

2- Pronouns replace nouns. 1. Mr. Lee: He is a guitar player
2. Tokyo = It is in Japan
3- the verb to be links the subject and the rest of the sentence.
1. Mr.Jones is an English .
2. They are from Japan

4- the verb to be has different forms for different subjects.
1. I am a teacher.
2. Yau are a teacher.
3. She is ateacher.

5- Contractions are two words made into one word.
they have an apostrophe(‘) in place of one or more letters.
1. We + are ( we’re )
2. I + am ( I’m )

Verb to HAVE
فعل يملك

It is used as a principal and a helping verb

يستخدم كفعل رئيسي وفعل مساعد

Subject
فاعل

I, you, we, they

He, She, It

Present
مضارع

have

has

Past
ماضي

had

had

Past participle
أسم المفعول

had

had

*******

نستخدم صيغة المضارع للتعبير عن عادات أو حقائق ثابتة
نستخدم صيغة الماضي للتعبير عن شيء حصل وانتهى في الماضي

*******

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a main verb
الجمل المنفية مع فعل ”يملك“ كفعل رئيسي

Subject+ do/does/did+ not+ have+ Complement

Example1: I do not have a car

Example2: He does not have A new watch.

Example3: They did not have breakfast this morning.

*********************

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb
تكوين السؤال مع فعل ”يملك“ كفعل رئيسي

Question:

Do/Does/Did+Subject+have+ Complement

Answer:

Affermative:Yes + Subject + do/does/did
Negative: No + Subject + do/does/did
+not

Example1:

Q: Do you have a car?
A1: Affermative: Yes, I do
A2: Negative: No, I do not

Example2:

Q: Does he have a new watch?
A1: Affermative: Yes, he does
A2: Negative: No, he does not

Example3:

Q: Did they have Breakfast this morning?
A1: Affermative: Yes, they did
A2: Negative: No, they did not

*********************

Verb to HAVE as a helping verb
فعل ”يملك “ كفعل مساعد

Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the perfect tense.

يستخدم فعل يملك كفعل مساعد ليكون زمن المضارع التام

Example1: They have lived here for two years

Example2: Adel has just finished his work

*********************

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb
الجمل المنفية مع فعل ”يملك“ كفعل مساعد

لتكوين نفي مع فعل يملك نضع not بعد هذا الفعل

Example:

Afferrmative: I have lived here for a long time

Negarive: I have not lived here for a long time.

*********************
Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb
تكوين السؤال مع فعل ”يملك“ كفعل مساعد

“Yes” or “No” questions and short answersالأسئلة بـ نعم و لا و الإجابات مختصرة

لتكوين سؤال مع فعل يملك كفعل مساعد نقدم هذا الفعل على الفاعل

Example:

They have lived here for a long time.

Have they lived here for a long time?

Yes, they have/No, they have not

*********************

Other Uses of Verb to HAVE
استخدامات أخرى مع فعل يملك

To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to, had to

ليعبر عن الضرورة في المضارع و الماضي

Example:I have to leave now

******

With some model auxiliaries

مع بعض الأفعال الناقصة

Example: You had better see a doctor

******

To show that something is caused by another person
ليبين أن شيئاً ما حصل بواسطة شخص اخر

Example: I have my shoes cleaned every week